AP-World History: Modern
Section outline
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AP World History: Modern is an introductory college-level modern world history course. Students cultivate their understanding of world history from c. 1200 CE to the present through analyzing historical sources and learning to make connections and craft historical arguments as they explore concepts like humans and the environment, cultural developments and interactions, governance, economic systems, social interactions and organization, and technology and innovation.
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Read this page to see recommendations for choosing course materials, teaching strategies, developing historical thinking skills, and developing reasoning skills, taken from the College Board's booklet Course and Exam Description. Throughout this course, we have tried to incorporate these elements, but it is ultimately up to the teacher to revise, modify, and incorporate materials and skills practice as they see fit for their students.
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You may download and use this booklet, provided by the College Board, to help you prepare for the exam.
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c. 1200 to c. 1450
Activities: 15 -
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES IN THIS TOPIC
New Islamic political entities:
§ Seljuk Empire
§ Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
§ Delhi sultanates Innovations:
§ Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)
§ Advances in literature ('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah)
§ Advances in medicineTransfers:
§ Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy
§ House of Wisdom in Abbasid Bagdad
§ Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian SpainPart 1
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 1: Learning Objective D
Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.III.D.iii
Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.
Part 2
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 1: Learning Objective E
Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.2.I
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
KC-3.1.III.A
Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.
Part 3
THEMATIC FOCUS
Technology and Innovation TEC
Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 1: Learning Objective F
Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.2.II.A.i
Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.
Activities: 22 -
Part 1
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective G
Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time.
KC-3.1.III.D.iv
Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
Part 2
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective H
Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.
KC-3.2.I.B.i
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
Activities: 0 -
In Part 1 of Topic 1.3, we will focus our lessons on the following:
Part 1
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective G
Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time.
KC-3.1.III.D.iv
Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
Activities: 2 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective H
Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.
KC-3.2.I.B.i
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
Activities: 2 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.
KC-3.2.I.D.i
In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.
Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective J
Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.
KC-3.2.I.D.ii
In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
State systems in Africa:
- Great Zimbabwe
- Ethiopia
- Hausa kingdoms
Activities: 4 -
This topic has 3 Parts.
Part 1
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective K
Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society.
KC-3.1.III.D.v
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.
Part 2
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective L
Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
KC-3.2.I.B.ii
Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.
Part 3
THEMATIC FOCUS
Social Interactions and Organization SIO
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective M
Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
KC-3.3.III.C
Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.
Activities: 0 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective K
Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society.
KC-3.1.III.D.v
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.
Activities: 5 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective L
Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
KC-3.2.I.B.ii
Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.
Activities: 3 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Social Interactions and Organization SIO
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 1: Learning Objective M
Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
KC-3.3.III.C
Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.
Activities: 3 -
The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 1: Learning Objective N
Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
REVIEW: UNIT 1 KEY CONCEPTS
KC-3.2
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions.KC-3.2.I
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.KC-3.2.I.A
Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.KC-3.2.I.B.i
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.KC-3.2.I.D.i
In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.KC-3.2.I.D.ii
In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Economics Systems ECN
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective A
Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.I.A.i
Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the
geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.KC-3.1.I.C.i
The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.KC-3.3.I.B
Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective B
Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.2.I.B.iii
Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states, including the Mongol khanates.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Economics Systems ECN
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective C
Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.I.E.i
The expansion of empires—including the Mongols—facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective D
Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.2.II.A.ii
Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.Activities: 4 -
Activities: 11
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THEMATIC FOCUS
Economics Systems ECN
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective E
Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.I.A.ii
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes,
including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.KC-3.1.I.C.ii
The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs.KC-3.1.I.A.iii
The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective F
Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.III.B
In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures.KC-3.2.II.A.iii
Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He.Activities: 3 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Humans and the Environments ENV
The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective G
Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.II.A.i
The expansion and intensification of long distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds.Activities: 5 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Technology and Innovation TEC
Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective H
Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.HISTORICAL DIFFERENCES
KC-3.1.II.A.ii
The growth of interregional trade was encouraged by innovations in existing transportation technologies.KC-3.1.I.A.iv
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network.Activities: 5 -
Activities: 5
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THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective I
Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.I.E.ii
The expansion of empires—including Mali in West Africa–facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective J
Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.III.D
Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations.KC-3.3.II
The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization, buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.KC-3.1.III.C
As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels.Activities: 1 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Humans and the Environments ENV
The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective K
Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-3.1.IV
There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plague, along trade routes.Activities: 0 -
The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 2: Learning Objective L
Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.REVIEW: UNIT 2 KEY CONCEPTS
KC-3.1
A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies.KC-3.1.I.A.i
Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.KC-3.1.I.C.i
The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.KC-3.3
Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes.KC-3.3.I.B
Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.Activities: 0 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 3: Learning Objective A
Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.3.II
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.KC-4.3.II.B
Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East.KC-4.3.III.i
Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.Activities: 5 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 3: Learning Objective B
Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.3.I.C
Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.KC-4.3.I.A
Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.KC-4.3.I.D
Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.Activities: 3 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 3: Learning Objective C
Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.VI.i
The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.KC-4.1.VI.ii
Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.KC-4.1.VI.iii
Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.Activities: 6 -
The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 3: Learning Objective D
Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750.REVIEW: UNIT 3 KEY CONCEPTS
KC-4.1
The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.KC-4.1.VI
In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.KC-4.3
Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.KC-4.3.II
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.KC-4.3.II.B
Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; Mughal in South and Central Asia; Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East.KC-4.3.III.i
Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.Activities: 5 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Technology and Innovation TEC
Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective A
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.II
Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.KC-4.1.II.A
The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.Activities: 5 -
Part 1: THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective B
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.III
New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.Part 2: THEMATIC FOCUS
Economics Systems ECN
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective C
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.III.A
Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.KC-4.1.III.B
Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.KC-4.1.III.C
Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.Activities: 4 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Humans and the Environments ENV
The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective D
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.V
The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.KC-4.1.V.A
European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.KC-4.1.V.B
American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.KC-4.1.V.C
Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons.KC-4.1.V.D
Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.Activities: 4 -
Part 1: THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective E
Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.3.II.A.i
Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.KC-4.3.II.C
Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.KC-4.3.II.A.ii
The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.Part 2: THEMATIC FOCUS
Economics Systems ECN
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective F
Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.3.II.A.iii
Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.KC-4.2.II.D
Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.Part 3: THEMATIC FOCUS
Social Interactions and Organization SIO
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective G
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.2.II.B
Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions.KC-4.2.II.C
The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labor in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.Activities: 4 -
Part 1: THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective H
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.IV.C
Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.KC-4.3.III.ii
Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.Part 2: THEMATIC FOCUS
Economics Systems ECN
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective I
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.IV.D.i
The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including enslaved persons.KC-4.1.IV
The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.KC-4.2.II.A
Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased.Activities: 4 -
Part 3: THEMATIC FOCUS
Social Interactions and Organization SIO
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective J
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.2.III.C
Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade of enslaved persons.KC-4.1.IV.D.ii
The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.Part 4: THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective K
Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.1.VI
In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.Activities: 5 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Governance GOV
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective L
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.3.III.iii
State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.KC-5.3.III.C
Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.Activities: 5 -
THEMATIC FOCUS
Social Interactions and Organization SIO
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective M
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-4.3.I.B
Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.KC-4.2.III.A
Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.KC-4.2.III.B
The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.Activities: 5 -
The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 4: Learning Objective N
Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.REVIEW: UNIT 4 KEY CONCEPTS
KC-4.1
The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.KC-4.1.II
Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.KC-4.1.II.A
The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.KC-4.2
Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.KC-4.2.II
The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified.KC-4.3
Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.KC-4.3.III.ii
Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.Activities: 3 -
This quiz has 60 MC questions and a choice between 2 LEQs. Choose one LEQ to respond to.
Activities: 1 -
Part 1: THEMATIC FOCUS
Cultural Developments and Interactions CDI
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 5: Learning Objective A
Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-5.3.I.A
Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.KC-5.3.I
The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.KC-5.3.II.i
Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires.Part 2: THEMATIC FOCUS
Social Interactions and Organization SIO
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Unit 5: Learning Objective B
Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-5.3.I.C
Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.KC-5.3.IV.B
Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.Activities: 5